• 90 years of Italian penalties : trends, importance, VAR, and adjusting the 12-yard mark 

      Haugen, Kjetil K.; Solenes, Oskar (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      This article discusses an alternative to Video Assisted Refereeing (VAR) in football. An alternative option of positively adjusting the distance from the penalty spot to the goal, leading to a decrease in penalty scoring ...
    • The alleged causality between number of teams in a league and national team quality 

      Haugen, Kjetil K. (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2017)
      This article presents a simple linear regression between national football team quality and uncertainty of outcome in associated national leagues. The main results indicate no significant causal relationship between the ...
    • The competitive evolution of European top football – signs of danger 

      Haugen, Kjetil K.; Heen, Knut Peder (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2018)
      This paper presents a relatively comprehensive study of how Uncertainty of Outcome has developed over time in major European football leagues. The findings are clear; excitement in football is degrading, closing up on ...
    • Fighting doping through sport redesign 

      Haugen, Kjetil K. (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2017)
      This commentary discusses how the rules of the game may affect doping positively and negatively. The link between rules and doping prevalence is established. Some examples are given, indicating what to do and not. The main ...
    • Uncertainty of outcome and financial inequality : is the obvious not so obvious? 

      Haugen, Kjetil K. (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2019)
      The article reports a series of regressions between various proxies for financial inequality and uncertainty of outcome in English football. The main finding is that no significant association between these two variables ...
    • Uncertainty of outcome and rule changes in European handball 

      Haugen, Kjetil K.; Guvåg, Bjørn (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2018)
      In this article, a new set of rules in professional handball, introduced in July 2016 are discussed. The discussion is aided by a reasonably broad empirical analysis, comparing uncertainty of outcome between European ...